To determine the extent of contamination of the tailings dams, contaminant factor ( \({C}_{f}^{i}\) ), and the degree of contamination (\({C}_{d}\)) were calculated following Eqs. Additionally, results from TD10 revealed that the initiated remediation of the tailings dam was somewhat successful. Study sites were Cu and Co mining waste dumpsites and abandoned tailings dams. The sediments samples were extracted using the conventional acid digestion method.
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. The Co concentration at look at more info was above 13 ppm and above the global terrestrial average in soil, while Co concentration at TD26 and TD10 was below the global terrestrial average44. 4). The present study results are in agreement with previous studies that investigate copper tailings as potential partial sand replacement in concrete making which found similarly high Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, and S concentration at TD25 and TD2664. 74, might be due to poor general soil condition, rather than Fe toxicity per se.
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5). This will be critical when it comes to putting soil reclamation management plans into action. In our case, it was the soil obtained from ZAFFICO plc. Similar findings were observed at TD26, where the contamination factor of Cu and Co were 4.
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However, the concentration of Fe was not click to read different among all tested tailing dams (Fig. Presently, however, there are few available data to assess the actual ecological hazard. The high Co levels observed in the present study can be explained by the fact that about 64% of the world’s cobalt ore is located in Zambia’s Copperbelt, together with the southern areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). (E) An aerial photograph showing sampling points in yellow numbered I to VII at Nkana tailing dam location (TD25) and surrounding area, Google Earth Satellite Image system, January 2022.
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In the Copperbelt Province of Zambia, decommissioned mine tailings have resulted in extensive mine waste dumpsites that are contaminating water and soils, especially in Kitwe and Mufulira districts. 8 ppm), Pb (0. The control soil samples were provided by Zambia Forestry and Forest Industries Corporation (ZAFFICO) in Kitwe. 35 and 1. 46) Mn (8.
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Future research efforts should focus on improving our understanding of the impact of continuous exposure to Copper and Cobalt on humans and the environment. 8 ppm, 2. Pearson’s correlation matrix for the heavy metals in mine soil based on sampling points across dumpsites, including the baseline. Other countries with various copper mine soil such as DRC, Italy, China, and Canada demonstrated very high ecological risk due to Cu and Co (Fig. Therefore, post-mining management of TDFs encourages the need to rehabilitate these areas to eliminate the environmental hazards concern, especially in areas where the dumpsites are closer to residential areas.
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High concentrations of Co, Cu, Fe, and medium concentrations of Mn, Pb, and Zn were observed in all the tailing dam sites, which is the main drawback for remediation. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Every metal to be tested was read by employing specific lamps and parameters according to the metal (Table 1). On the other hand, the Democratic Republic of Congo mined 1.
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The washing was then transferred into another flask for further dilution with distilled water and homogenization by shaking. Following cooling, the sample was refluxed with repeated additions of 65% HNO3 until no brown odours were produced. 45 mm membrane paper, diluted to 100 ml with deionized water, and was kept at 4 °C until further analyses39,40. 7) indicated that Cu formed a distinct group with high variation in its concentration among the countries.
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Even though the Fe content at all mine wastes dumpsites studied was relatively higher than other metals, it was below the international standard Fe concentration allowed in agricultural soil. .